Wealth management as an investment-advisory discipline incorporates financial planning, investment portfolio management and a number of aggregated financial services. High-net-worth individuals (HNWIs), small-business owners and families who desire the assistance of a credentialed financial advisory specialist call upon wealth managers to coordinate retail banking, estate planning, legal resources, tax professionals and investment management. Wealth managers can have backgrounds as independent Chartered Financial Consultants, Certified Financial Planners or Chartered Financial Analysts (in the USA), Chartered Strategic Wealth Professionals (in Canada), Chartered Financial Planners (in the UK), or any credentialed (such as MBA) professional money managers who work to enhance the income, growth and tax-favored treatment of long-term investors. One must already have accumulated some amount of wealth for wealth management strategies to be effective. Historically the entry bar was high, however recently due to innovations such as exchange-traded funds, increased transparency in product design and more and more investors managing their own investments, this entry bar is coming down. However, several firms offer this service to minimum investments of $1M down to £100K